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Research Progress on the Biosynthesis and Functions of Plant Terpenoids Yongchang XUE, Hexian WANG, Di ZHAO, Jing GUO, Ao LI Bulletin of Botanical Research    2025, 45 (4): 479-490.   DOI: 10.7525/j.issn.1673-5102.2025.04.002 Abstract （2351）   HTML （135）    PDF（pc） （1908KB）（3199）       Knowledge map    Save Terpenoids， as key secondary metabolites， are involved in physiological processes such as antioxidation， signaling， and stomatal movement in plants under adversity stress， and play an important role in plant adversity response. They can not only directly participate in plant defense mechanisms， but also act as signaling molecules to regulate plant-plant interactions and influence the adaptability and stability of plant communities. Due to their wide range of biological activities， terpenoids have been widely used in the food， pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. With the development of synthetic biotechnology， the research field of terpenoids will become more diversified and challenging， and their applications will be more promising. This review comprehensively analyzed the biosynthetic pathways of terpenoids and their physiological and ecological functions in plants， aiming to deepen the understanding of the adaptive strategies of plants to adversity， to provide reference for the study of plant resistance， and to provide a new approach for the development of sustainable agriculture and pharmaceutical and health industries. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Diversification of Plant Soil Nitrogen Uptake Strategies and Its Ecological Implications Lei GAO, Ruitong YANG, Baodong LIU, Shuxia JIA, Yafen GUO, Xiaoyang CUI Bulletin of Botanical Research    2025, 45 (5): 662-674.   DOI: 10.7525/j.issn.1673-5102.2025.05.002 Abstract （708）   HTML （34）    PDF（pc） （2735KB）（1229）       Knowledge map    Save The process of plant nitrogen（N） uptake from soil and its multidimensional strategies significantly influence the biodiversity and carbon sequestration functions of ecosystems. This paper systematically reviewed the development of N nutrition theories in plants， introducing mineral nutrition theory and mineral-organic nutrition theory. It focused on the multidimensional strategies that plants use to absorb soil N， covering four main aspects： （1）multiform N absorption， which includes both inorganic N（e.g. ammonium and nitrate） and a range of low molecular weight organic N forms such as amino acids， amino sugars， and oligopeptides； （2）seasonal variation in N absorption， in which plants exhibit significant seasonal variations in both the magnitude and patterns of uptake of various forms of soil N， and different species may display distinct differences in uptake patterns； （3） stratified soil layer absorption， in which the root system configuration and the variation of available soil N across soil vertical profiles influence plant absorption of N amounts and N forms at different soil depths； （4）symbiotic absorption differentiation， in which nitrogen-fixing bacteria， mycorrhizal fungi， and dark-septate endophytic fungi promote N uptake by plants and， to some extent， affect the plant’s acquisition of different N forms. It was concluded that the multidimensional strategies of plant N uptake provide a basis for plant coexistence and niche differentiation in ecosystems， playing a key role in mitigating inter-plant competition， reducing N loss， and improving N use efficiency in ecosystems. However， research on plant N uptake strategies remains insufficient， with several key scientific issues yet to be resolved， such as the in-situ availability and dynamics of soil N， the turnover differences of various available N forms in soil， the molecular biological mechanisms of plant N uptake strategies， and the contributions of different available N forms to plant N nutrition. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Herbgenomics Empowers Sustainable Utilization of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resources Zhichao XU, Shilin CHEN Bulletin of Botanical Research    2025, 45 (4): 471-478.   DOI: 10.7525/j.issn.1673-5102.2025.04.001 Abstract （621）   HTML （26）    PDF（pc） （1760KB）（1731）       Knowledge map    Save Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Nutrient Absorption Characteristics of Epimedium brevicornu and Its Relationship with Pharmacodynamic Components Ying DUAN, Xiaojuan XU, Jie MAO, Chenxia ZHAO, Huizhen WANG, Honggang CHEN, Jinjin MENG, Tao DU Bulletin of Botanical Research    2025, 45 (4): 504-517.   DOI: 10.7525/j.issn.1673-5102.2025.04.004 Abstract （535）   HTML （8）    PDF（pc） （3057KB）（475）       Knowledge map    Save In order to explore the absorption and distribution characteristics of nutrient elements and the accumulation of pharmacodynamic components in E. brevicornu， and to clarify the characteristic elements affecting the accumulation of pharmacodynamic components， the dry matter accumulation， nutrient element content and flavonoid content in leaves of 3-year-old E. brevicornu were determined， and the correlation between flavonoid components and nutrient elements in leaves was analyzed. The results showed that （1）with the plant growth， the dry matter accumulation increased first and then decreased， and the dry matter accumulation was rapid and reached the maximum in the post-fruit growth period（T5）. （2）The contents of nitrogen（N） and phosphorus（P） in the upper part showed a decreasing trend at the growth stage， while the contents of potassium（K） in the underground part showed a decreasing-rising-decreasing trend， while the contents of K in the underground part had no obvious change， and the net accumulation of N， P and K was the largest in the fruiting period（T4）. （3）The accumulation of 11 nutrient elements during the growth period was listed in a decreasing order： N>Ca>K>Mg>P>S>Fe>Mn>Zn>Cu>B. （4）The accumulation of flavonoids in leaves increased first and then decreased. （5）The correlation analysis showed that the flavonoid content had synergistic effect with the contents of magnesium（Mg）， iron（Fe） and copper（Cu）， and had antagonistic effect with the contents of boron （B） and manganese（Mn）. Stepwise regression analysis showed that N， calcium（Ca）， Mn and Fe were the characteristic elements that affected the content of flavonoids in leaves. In conclusion， dry matter accumulation and nutrient accumulation of E. brevicornu were the most critical in the fruiting period. The macroelements should be applied before the fruiting period， mainly N and K fertilizers， ensuring the supply of Mg， Fe and Cu. The accumulation of pharmacodynamic components was the largest in the post-fruit growth period. Combined with the results of this experiment and local climatic conditions， it was recommended that the leaves of E. brevicornu in Linxia of Gansu Province and similar areas should be harvested in early September. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Effect of Environmental Factors on the Active Ingredients of Codonopsis pilosula Hao GUO, Caixia CHEN, Xiaojing AN, Xian’en LI, Haiying WANG, Zhongting XIA Bulletin of Botanical Research    2025, 45 (4): 518-532.   DOI: 10.7525/j.issn.1673-5102.2025.04.005 Abstract （533）   HTML （9）    PDF（pc） （3493KB）（1059）       Knowledge map    Save To clarify the key factors affecting the content of active ingredients in Codonopsis pilosula， and to provide scientific basis for the selection of producing areas’ environmental factors for standardized cultivation， the effects of 32 environmental factors such as meteorology and soil conditions in different producing areas were explored. In this study， samples of cultivated C. pilosula and its root zone soil were collected from a total of 27 sampling sites in the main producing areas（Chongqing， Inner Mongolia， Gansu， and Shanxi）. The soil physicochemical indicators from different producing areas and the contents of lobetyolin and polysaccharides in C. pilosula weremeasured， and the correlations between various environmental factors and the active ingredients in C. pilosula were analyzed. The results indicated that there were regional differences in the content of active ingredients in C. pilosula. The highest polysaccharide content was 386 mg·g-1 in samples collected from Ar Horqin Banner in Chifeng city. The highest lobetyolin content was 2.128 mg·g-1 in samples collected from Wuxi in Chongqing city. Among the factors contributing to the variance in the content of active ingredients in C. pilosula from different producing areas， monthly extreme temperature had the highest contribution， followed by soil enzyme activity and organic matter factors， with soil nutrients contributing the least. The effects of different environmental factors on accumulation of polysaccharides and lobetyolin in C. pilosula varied in different producing areas. Polysaccharides contents in C. pilosula were mainly influenced by soil organic matter， precipitation in October， and soil alkaline phosphatase activity， while lobetyolin was primarily affected by soil available nitrogen， soil acid phosphatase activity， the minimum temperature in May and July-August， and soil pH. In summary， monthly extreme temperature was the main factor driving the variation in content of active ingredients in C. pilosula， and attention should be paid to the impacts of precipitation， soil nutrients， and phosphatase activity. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Tissue Culture and Rapid Propagation of Endangered Salvia petrophila Yingying WANG, Dengli YU, Fengjin QIU, Rongrong YAN, Guoxiong HU Bulletin of Botanical Research    2025, 45 (4): 558-568.   DOI: 10.7525/j.issn.1673-5102.2025.04.008 Abstract （514）   HTML （11）    PDF（pc） （3474KB）（529）       Knowledge map    Save To establish the rapid propagation system of tissue culture of an endangered plant Salvia petrophila， the disinfectant concentration and duration in the sterilization process， as well as the regulation of hormone types and concentrations on seed germination， the subculture and preliferation of stem segments with axillary buds at the base， induction and differentiation of callus from stem segments， rooting， hardening off and transplanting were investigated respectively. The results showed that （1） the appropriate sterilization method for S. petrophila seeds was 75% alcohol treatment for 30 s， followed by 5% sodium hypochlorite solution for 8 min， achieving a germination rate of 40.83%. （2） The appropriate medium for seed germination was MS supplemented with 1.0 mg·L-1 6-BA and 0.1 mg·L-1 NAA， resulting in a germination rate of 71.12%. （3） For subculture proliferation， the appropriate medium was MS with 1.0 mg·L-1 6-BA and 0.1 mg·L-1 NAA， yielding a proliferation coefficient of 5.5. （4） For stem segments， the appropriate callus induction medium was MS+1.0 mg·L-1 6-BA+1.0 mg·L-1 2，4-D， with an induction rate of 97.10%. The appropriate differentiation medium for callus induced from stem segments was MS+1.5 mg·L-1 6-BA+0.1 mg·L-1 NAA. （5） The appropriate basic medium for adventitious bud rooting was 1/2MS with 1.0 mg·L-1 NAA， achieving a rooting coefficient of 99.11%. （6） After hardening off， the rooted seedlings of S. petrophila were transplanted into a mixed substrate of peat， perlite， and vermiculite in a volume ratio of 1∶1∶1， resulting in a survival rate of 85.5%. The results might lay a technical foundation for the species conservation and resource utilization of S. petrophila， and also provided valuable ideas for the rapid propagation techniques of other Salvia species. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Comparison of the Interspecific Difference of Primary Structure of Aerial Roots among Three Epiphytic Orchids Yin REN, Wenna WANG Bulletin of Botanical Research    2025, 45 (4): 648-658.   DOI: 10.7525/j.issn.1673-5102.2025.04.016 Abstract （512）   HTML （5）    PDF（pc） （3459KB）（460）       Knowledge map    Save To understand the correlation between structure and function of aerial roots of epiphytic Orchidaceae plants， the paraffin embedding technique was used to obtain cross-sectional slices of the primary structures of aerial roots of Dendrobium loddigesii， Oncidium flexuosum and Dendrobium nobile. By measuring the cross-sectional areas of cortical tissue， vascular tissue and other structures of the primary roots， as well as the characteristics such as the number and size of cortical cells and vessels， the anatomical reasons for cross-sectional area changes of the aerial roots were analyzed. The results indicated that： （1）there were significant differences in the cross-sectional area of aerial roots among three species（P<0.05）， the cross-sectional area of the aerial root of D. nobile was the largest， followed by O. flexuosum and D. loddigesii. For each species， the proportions of velamen and cortex areas to the root cross-sectional area were relatively high（37.46%-57.03%）， thus the velamen and cortex had high correlations with the root cross-sectional area（r=0.91-0.98，P<0.05）. （2）Significant correlations existed between cortex area and cortical cell traits， vascular tissue area and conduit traits（P<0.05）. The correlation of cortex area with the mean cortical cell diameter（r=0.68-0.90） was stronger than that with cortical cell layers（r=0.56-0.66）. In addition， the correlation of vascular tissue area with conduit quantity（r=0.64-0.77） was closer than that with mean conduit diameter（r=0.58-0.71）. （3）D. nobile had significantly lower proportions of cortical and vascular tissue area but a significantly higher proportion of velamen area to the root cross-sectional area， when compared to the other two species. Besides， D. nobile also had thicker and more conduits and larger total conduit area， but lower conduit density， which reflected the diversity of different epiphytic orchid species in resource acquisition and strategies for drought stress tolerance. In summary， this study clarified the anatomical mechanisms underlying the cross-sectional area changes of aerial roots of three epiphytic orchids as well as the interspecific differences in resource acquisition strategies， and provided a new scientific perspective for understanding the relationship between plant root structure and function. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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The Salicylic Acid Responsive UrSTR4 Gene is Involved in Rhynchophylline Biosynthesis in Uncaria rhynchophylla Guoju XU, Piaoxue GUO, Xunran ZHU, Zimei YANG, Huanyu CHENG, Wei QIANG Bulletin of Botanical Research    2025, 45 (4): 491-503.   DOI: 10.7525/j.issn.1673-5102.2025.04.003 Abstract （490）   HTML （12）    PDF（pc） （4054KB）（689）       Knowledge map    Save Uncaria rhynchophylla is a traditional Chinese medicinal herb， whose active components rhynchophylline（RIN） and isorhynchophylline（IRN） exhibit remarkable pharmacological activities. Strictosidine synthase（STR） is the key enzyme for RIN and IRN biosynthesis， yet the functional divergence of STR gene family in U. rhynchophylla remains unclear. Utilizing transcriptome data of U. rhynchophylla seedlings under shading and ethylene treatments， 27 STR genes（UrSTR1-UrSTR27） were systematically identified in U. rhynchophylla. Evolutionary analysis revealed significant expansion of UrSTR gene family， suggesting functional diversification in response to environmental cues. Exogenous salicylic acid（SA） treatment（0.6 mmol·L-1） markedly increased RIN and IRN contents， while upregulating UrSTR4 expression level by 30.6-fold. Multiple sequence alignment showed UrSTR4 lacked the conserved Glu-309 residue but shared hydroxyl-containing residues with Camptotheca STR3. An efficient transient transformation system（8 kPa pressure， 1-min Agrobacterium infection） was established by using plant living transformation instrument. The transient overexpression of UrSTR4 enhanced RIN and IRN contents by 1.96- and 1.82-fold， respectively. This study identified new targets for metabolic regulation of bioactive compounds in U. rhynchophylla and the established transient transformation system provided technical support for functional research on UrSTR genes. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Optimal Germination Temperature of Tree Seeds with Different Primary Dormancy Types and Their Responses to Thermal Dormancy Induction Zhe WANG, Mingyue LI, Meiru ZHU, Peng ZHANG Bulletin of Botanical Research    2025, 45 (4): 569-579.   DOI: 10.7525/j.issn.1673-5102.2025.04.009 Abstract （483）   HTML （10）    PDF（pc） （1305KB）（242）       Knowledge map    Save In order to clarify the optimal germination temperature conditions of tree seeds with different primary dormancy types and their responses to thermal dormancy induction， the seeds of nine different tree species with three primary dormancy types （non-dormancy， physical dormancy and physiological dormancy） were used as materials for germination tests at 5， 10， 15， 20， 25， 30 and 35 ℃， respectively， and an appropriate germination temperature was determined according to seed germination performance. On this basis， the seeds were cultured at 25， 30 and 35 ℃ and transferred to the appropriate germination temperature for 14 days. The response of different primary dormancy types of seeds to thermal dormancy induction was compared according to seed germination performance. The results showed certain differences in an optimal germination temperature of seeds with different primary dormancy types. The optimal germination temperature for non-dormant seeds （Picea koraiensis， Larix principis-rupprechtii， and Pinus thunbergii） was in a range of 10-25 ℃， for physically dormant seeds （Gleditsia japonica， Robinia pseudoacacia， and Amorpha fruticosa） was in a range of 10-35 ℃， for physiologically dormant seeds （Pinus tabuliformis， Fraxinus rhynchophylla， and Pyrus ussuriensis） was in a range of 5-30 ℃. High temperatures inhibited germination in most seeds. Only the physiologically dormant P. ussuriensis seeds entered thermal dormancy under high temperatures （with dormancy rates of 80%-86%）， while the other physiologically dormant seeds （P. tabuliformis and F. rhynchophylla） had higher mortality rates （46%-69%）. Non-dormant seeds had higher mortality rates （56%-100%）， while physically dormant seeds had lower mortality rates （24%-64%）. Physically dormant seeds had germination rates of 36%-76% at high temperatures of 25-35 ℃. Non-dormant and physically dormant seeds did not enter thermal dormancy under high temperatures， while the response of physiologically dormant seeds to thermal dormancy under high temperatures was inconsistent. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Callus Induction and Secondary Metabolites Accumulation of Diploid Cyclocarya paliurus Zhuosui LI, Yilin GAO, Han LIU, Xulan SHANG Bulletin of Botanical Research    2025, 45 (4): 533-545.   DOI: 10.7525/j.issn.1673-5102.2025.04.006 Abstract （479）   HTML （14）    PDF（pc） （3342KB）（343）       Knowledge map    Save This study aimed to explore the effects of hormone combination on callus induction and proliferation of diploid Cyclocarya paliurus and the accumulation of main secondary metabolites during subculture. The effects of different hormone combinations on accumulation of secondary metabolites during callus induction and subproliferation were investigated using diploid C. paliurus leaves as explants by orthogonal experiment design. An optimal treatment for the maximum yields of total triterpenoids， total polyphenols， total flavonoid and crude polysaccharides were selected by entropy weight method. The highest callus induction rate was 100% in treatment 2（0.5 mg·L-1 6-BA+1 mg·L-1 2，4-D+0.2 mg·L-1 NAA）， followed by treatment 9 （2.5 mg·L-1 6-BA+1.5 mg·L-1 2，4-D+0.2 mg·L-1 NAA） and treatment 5（1.5 mg·L-1 6-BA+1 mg·L-1 2，4-D+0.4 mg·L-1 NAA）， with an induction rate of 96.67% and 93.64%， respectively. The order of factors affecting callus induction rate was 2，4-D， NAA， 6-BA. An optimal concentration of 2，4-D and NAA was 1.0 mg·L-1 and 0.2 mg·L-1， with no significant effect of 6-BA. The colors of induced callus were light green and yellowish green； the morphology of the callus was characterized by loose texture. There were differences in the callus growth and accumulation of secondary metabolites among treatments when different combinations of hormones were used for subculture； the growth characteristics of calli in the same treatment changed greatly during continuous subculture. The first ranked formula was treatment 4 （0.2 mg·L-1 KT+0.5 mg·L-1 6-BA+0.75 mg·L-1 NAA+0.4 mg·L-1 2，4-D） with a score of 0.44，followed by treatment 2（0.75 mg·L-1 6-BA+0.75 mg·L-1 NAA+0.2 mg·L-1 2，4-D） and treatment 6（0.2 mg·L-1 KT+1.0 mg·L-1 6-BA+0.5 mg·L-1 NAA+0.2 mg·L-1 2，4-D） with a score of 0.31 and 0.26， respectively. The yield of secondary metabolites in treatment 4 generally reached a high level from the 8th generation， with total triterpenoid yield of 28.91 mg·bottle-1， total polyphenol yield of 6.89 mg·bottle-1， total flavonoid yield of 1.77 mg·bottle-1，and crude polysaccharide yield of 57.45 mg·bottle-1. In summary， the optimal formula for callus induction of diploid C. paliurus was MS+0.5 mg·L-1 6-BA+1.0 mg·L-1 2，4-D+0.2 mg·L-1 NAA. The subculture proliferation formula was MS+0.2 mg·L-1 KT+0.5 mg·L-1 6-BA+0.75 mg·L-1 NAA+0.4 mg·L-1 2，4-D. This study provided a reference for production of secondary metabolites by callus culture and further cell suspension culture. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Comparative Research on Growth and Physiological Characteristics of Three Poplar Varieties Grown in Western Heilongjiang Zheng ZHANG, Peng ZHANG Bulletin of Botanical Research    2025, 45 (5): 807-815.   DOI: 10.7525/j.issn.1673-5102.2025.05.014 Abstract （474）   HTML （7）    PDF（pc） （972KB）（244）       Knowledge map    Save In order to solve the problem of unmached species to site for poplar plantations in western Songnen Plain， three poplar varieties， namely HQ（P. euramericana ‘N3016’×P. ussuriensis）， LF（P. deltoides×P. simonii ‘LongFeng-1’） and 2111Y（Populus euramericana（Dode） cv. ‘DN113’） grown in western Heilongjiang as materials， the growth parameters， stoichiometric relationship of branches and leaves， and physiological characteristics of leaves were compared and analyzed. The results showed that the averaged annual radial growth rate was in a range of 2.32-2.84 cm?a-1， of which LF had the highest radial growth rate， followed by 2111Y， significantly higher than that of HQ. A binomial function relationship between stem diameter and stem height existed in the poplar varieties. Branch water contents of LF and 2111Y were significantly higher than that of HQ（P<0.05）. Specific leaf area of LF was higher than that of the other poplar varieties. There were significant differences in elements content and their stoichiometric ratio in the twigs and leaves of high-class twigs. Among them， the N and K contents in leaves and twigs of LF were the highest， followed by 2111Y， and HQ； P content in leaves of 2111Y was higher than that of the other poplars. Leaf C-to-N ratios of the three poplar varieties were in the range of 19.41-21.65； C-to-P ratios in the range of 6.01-9.40. There were significant differences in leaf C and N metabolism levels of the three poplar varieties. Among them， leaf content of soluble sugar， starch， and non-structure carbohydrates of HQ were higher than those of LF and 2111Y， and the contents of \mathrm{N}{\mathrm{O}}_{\mathrm{3}}^{-} and \mathrm{N}{\mathrm{H}}_{\mathrm{4}}^{+} were higher than those of 2111Y， whereas leaf free amino acid content of HQ was lower than that of the other poplars. There was significant difference in plant hormone levels among the three poplar varieties， with salicylic acid contents in leaves of HQ and abscisic acid content in leaves of 2111Y significantly lower than the other poplars. The auxin content of LF leaves was lower than that of 2111Y leaves. There was no difference in leaf gibberellin content among the poplar varieties. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Research Progress on Inositol Phosphate Kinases in Plants Xueyi ZHAO, Mingyu YANG, Xiang LI, Linhan SI, Nan WANG, Weican LIU, Yuanyuan DONG, Xiaowei LI, Fawei WANG Bulletin of Botanical Research    2025, 45 (6): 840-850.   DOI: 10.7525/j.issn.1673-5102.2025.06.002 Abstract （447）   HTML （25）    PDF（pc） （1418KB）（819）       Knowledge map    Save The inositol phosphate kinase family plays a central role in eukaryotic signaling and metabolic regulation， and critical functions in plant growth， development， and environmental adaptation. This family includes members such as inositol polyphosphate kinase（IPK2）， inositol pentakisphosphate 2-kinase（IPK1）， inositol 1，3，4-trisphosphate 5/6-kinase（ITPK）， and diphosphoinositol pentakisphosphate kinase（VIH）， which collaboratively catalyze the synthesis of inositol hexakisphosphate（InsP6） and its derivatives to establish complex phosphorylation networks. This paper systematically reviewed the classification characteristics， metabolic pathways， and biological functions of inositol phosphate kinases in plants， with a specific focus on their central roles in mediating phytic acid biosynthesis， phosphorus signaling， and stress responses. Significant progress has been made in elucidating metabolic pathways and identifying the functions of key signaling molecules. However， substantial knowledge gaps remained regarding the regulatory mechanisms of kinase substrate selectivity and the molecular basis of signaling networks. Additionally， there was a lack of highly sensitive in situ detection techniques for dynamically tracing the distribution of inositol pyrophosphates. In terms of applications， manipulating inositol phosphate metabolism showed potential for improving seed phytic acid content and phosphorus utilization efficiency， yet achieving precise regulation remained a current bottleneck. Future research should integrate cutting-edge technologies such as multi-omics， structural biology， and synthetic biology to further elucidate the underlying mechanisms. This will provide theoretical support for developing crop varieties with high yield， stress resilience， and enhanced phosphorus use efficiency， thereby contributing to agricultural sustainability and ecological conservation， and offering new theoretical foundations and practical breeding strategies to address global food security challenges. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Effects of Constitutive Overexpression of PagPYL4 Gene on Drought Tolerance and Growth of 84K poplar Shang LIU, Jinhua WANG, Hasi YU, Chang LIU Bulletin of Botanical Research    2025, 45 (5): 722-730.   DOI: 10.7525/j.issn.1673-5102.2025.05.007 Abstract （446）   HTML （17）    PDF（pc） （3758KB）（564）       Knowledge map    Save In the context of climate change intensification and increasing limitation of arable land， improving drought tolerance in forest trees has emerged as a critical breeding goal. However， achieving enhanced stress resistance without compromising growth and biomass production remains a major challenge. In this study， transgenic 84K poplar （Populus alba×P. glandulosa ‘84K’） lines constitutively overexpressing PagPYL4 gene， an abscisic acid（ABA） receptor gene， were developed， and their physiological and growth responses were evaluated under drought stress. The results showed that under the influence of exogenous ABA， the overexpression of PagPYL4 gene significantly altered stomatal aperture in plants. Under short-term drought treatment， compared with the wild type， the overexpression of PagPYL4 gene reduced water loss and improved drought tolerance； however， it also inhibited stomatal conductance and photosynthetic rate， leading to a significant decrease in growth rate of plant height and ground diameter. Our findings demonstrated that while PagPYL4 overexpression effectively enhanced drought resistance， its indiscriminate activation can impose substantial growth penalties. This highlighted the importance of spatially and temporally regulated gene expression strategies to balance stress resilience and biomass productivity in future tree breeding programs. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Light Requirements for Germination of Emmenopterys henryi Oliv. Seeds and Transcriptome Response Analysis Xinyu CHENG, Mengqiao GUO, Haiyun GUAN, Jian RU, Yan BAI, Lianjin GUO Bulletin of Botanical Research    2025, 45 (4): 546-557.   DOI: 10.7525/j.issn.1673-5102.2025.04.007 Abstract （431）   HTML （14）    PDF（pc） （2005KB）（1498）       Knowledge map    Save This study aimed to investigate the light duration required for seed germination of Emmenopterys henryi Oliv.， an endangered species endemic to China， and to explore the correlation between morphological traits and germination rate of seeds under different light durations. Using E. henryi seeds as material， this study compared the differences in germination rates under light treatments of 0， 1， 2（8 h/1st day+4 h/2nd day）， 2， 4， 6， 8 d. The correlation between seed morphology and germination time was also analyzed. In addition， transcriptome sequencing and analysis using high-throughput technology were perfomed on E. henryi seeds subjected to dark treatment （2 d） and basic light exposure （the shortest light duration required for a germination rate of ≥50%， 2 d）. Results showed that， under light treatment conditions， the germination rates increased with extension of light duration. For the seeds subjected to the 8 d light treatment， the germination rate reached 98.89% after 10 d of cultivation. The analysis of correlation between seed morphological characteristics and germination time showed that the length of seed kernel and length-to-width ratio of seed kernel were significantly negatively correlated with germination time（P<0.05）. Transcriptomic responses of the seeds following dark treatment（2 d） and basic light treatments（2 d） indicated 4 657 differentially expressed genes（DEGs）， including 2 950 upregulated and 1 707 downregulated genes. Among the 185 transcription factors identified， all members of the HSF family were downregulated in the light treatment group. GO terms related to protein metabolism were significantly enriched. DEGs were significantly enriched in KEGG pathways（P-adjust<0.05） related to embryo development and seedling stress resistance， including diterpenoid biosynthesis （ko00904）， cysteine and methionine metabolism（ko00270）， and plant-pathogen interaction（ko04626）. In summary， E. henryi seeds with larger kernels germinated earlier， and light supplied for two days was sufficient to meet the basic germination requirements of the seeds. This study provided a theoretical basis for elucidating the mechanisms underlying the abnormal population structure of wild E. henryi populations and for promoting its population restoration in natural conditions. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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The Effects of Soil Nitrogen and Microbial Community on Growth of Moso Bamboo and Japanese Cedar Seedlings: Potential Mechanisms of Bamboo Expansion Xi ZHANG, Haifu FANG, Hong ZHAO, Jiacheng SHEN, Liangying LIU, Xintong XU, Ling ZHANG Bulletin of Botanical Research    2025, 45 (5): 755-768.   DOI: 10.7525/j.issn.1673-5102.2025.05.010 Abstract （400）   HTML （8）    PDF（pc） （1605KB）（909）       Knowledge map    Save The expansion of moso bamboo （Phyllostachys edulis） into adjacent forest stands affects plant and soil stability， but the mechanism underlying its successful expansion remains unclear. By investigating the effects of different nitrogen forms and microbes on growth of moso bamboo and Japanese cedar（Cryptomeria japonica）， the nutrient and microbial mechanisms of moso bamboo expansion under the background of global change were revealed. In this study， a pot experiment was conducted. Nitrogen addition treatments of 8 g?m-2 were set up （control， Con； ammonium nitrogen， N1， with ammonium sulfate （（NH?）?SO?） solution applied； nitrate nitrogen， N2， with potassium nitrate （KNO?） solution applied）， and the soil microbial community was regulated （control， Con； bacterial inhibition， B， with 3 g?L-1 streptomycin solution applied； fungal inhibition， F， with 1 g?L-1 iprodione solution applied）. The responses of moso bamboo and Japanese cedar seedlings to nitrogen addition and microorganisms under single and mixed plantings were explored. The results showed that compared to the control， biomass and seedling height of moso bamboo and Japanese cedar significantly increased by nitrogen addition under monoculture and mixed planting， while the root-to-shoot ratio significantly decreased. In microbial treatments， both bacterial and fungal inhibition significantly reduced the biomass and height of both species（P<0.01）， indicating growth limitations. Compared to the control， bacterial inhibition reduced biomass by 13.93% and 11.57%， and height by 9.41% and 4.56% for moso bamboo and Japanese cedar， respectively. Fungal inhibition resulted in reductions of 15.84% and 10.46% in biomass and 6.90% and 3.20% in height for moso bamboo and Japanese cedar， respectively. Compared to monoculture， mixed planting significantly increased the biomass and height of moso bamboo while reducing the root-to-shoot ratio of both species by 6.01% and 5.77%（P<0.05）， respectively. Moso bamboo demonstrated stronger growth dominance under mixed planting. In nitrogen addition treatments， significant reductions in soil organic carbon and total nitrogen were observed under monoculture of Japanese cedar compared to monoculture of moso bamboo and mixed planting. Both N1 and N2 nitrogen forms significantly decreased soil pH across planting systems， with soil pH in mixed planting being higher than in monoculture. Under the context of global change， nitrogen deposition resulting from ecosystem nitrogen additions may interact with moso bamboo expansion to form a positive feedback loop， further promoting its successful expansion. With intensified nitrogen deposition， soil nutrient availability and soil microbial communities will enhance plant competitive ability by promoting nutrient absorption and resource allocation， leading to the successful expansion of moso bamboo into adjacent forest stands. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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The Influence of Cadmium, Microplastics, and Their Combination on the Growth and Photosynthetic Characteristics of Kandelia obovata Minwei CHAI, Yifan WU, Ruili LI, Lin ZHOU, Xiaoxue SHEN Bulletin of Botanical Research    2025, 45 (4): 603-613.   DOI: 10.7525/j.issn.1673-5102.2025.04.012 Abstract （383）   HTML （9）    PDF（pc） （2315KB）（414）       Knowledge map    Save Urban mangroves are faced with the environmental problem of combined pollution of heavy metals and microplastics（MPs）. Cadmium（Cd） has a relatively high ecological risk， with polyethylene（PE） and polyvinyl chloride（PVC） to be common microplastic pollutants in mangroves. A combined stress experiment of Cd（0， 5， 50 mg·kg-1） and microplastics （small particle size PE-S（13 μm）， large particle size PE-L（830 μm）， small particle size PVC-S（13 μm）， large particle size PVC-L（830 μm）） was carried out for mangrove plant Kandelia obovata. The aims were to explore the influence of Cd， MPs， and their combination on the growth and photosynthetic characteristics of K. obovata. The results showed that （1）the impact of PE-MPs on the growth of K. obovata was not significant. Under high Cd stress（50 mg·kg-1）， PVC-L significantly restricted the growth of roots and leaves（P<0.05）. （2）The contents of nutrient elements Na，K，Ca，and Mg in leaves were affected by Cd stress， the types and sizes of MPs. （3）MPs and Cd had synergistic effect on the inhibition of chlorophyll content. The contents of chlorophyll a and carotenoids were the lowest under Cd5PVC-S stress， with the lowest content of chlorophyll b under Cd50PVC-S stress. Under Cd50 stress， PVC-S significantly improved net photosynthetic rate Pn， stomatal conductance Gs， transpiration rate Tr， actual photochemical quantum yield（Y（Ⅱ））， electron transfer rate（ETR）， photochemical quenching coefficient（qP） and the proportion used for photochemical dissipation（P） of K. obovata leaves（P<0.05）， indicating that PVC-S can alleviate the toxic effects of Cd stress on the photosynthesis of K. obovata. Compared to Cd stress alone， the combined stress of Cd and PE showed no significant effects on chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of K. obovata. Overall， PE and its combined stress with Cd showed no significant effects on the growth and photosynthesis of K. obovata； PVC had a stronger synergistic effect on Cd stress， with PVC-S alleviating the negative effects of Cd on the photosynthesis， and PVC-L having stronger toxic effect. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Rhythms of Nectar Secretion, Morphological Characteristics of Developmental Floral Nectary in Rubus setchuenensis Yan SHEN, Xiaoyu TANG, Xiujun TANG, Lilin LUO, Zhenxing HUANG, Man LIU Bulletin of Botanical Research    2025, 45 (4): 636-647.   DOI: 10.7525/j.issn.1673-5102.2025.04.015 Abstract （367）   HTML （1）    PDF（pc） （5742KB）（1154）       Knowledge map    Save Rubus setchuenensis（Rosaceae） is a high-quality nectariferous plant. In order to clarify the nectar secretion rhythm and morphological characteristics of developmental floral nectary， the floral nectar secretion characteristics were observed and recorded， and morphological and anatomical characteristics and ultrastructure of floral nectary at five developmental stages（young bud stage， flower bud stage， initial flowering stage， full blooming stage and post anthesis stage） were investigated by paraffin section and scanning electronic microscope. The flowering period of R.setchuenensis was from June to November in Meitan County， Guizhou Province， and the vigorous nectar secretion period was from July to September. The flowering period and the nectar secretion period of a single flower were three days and two days， and the average total nectar secretion and total sugar content were （30.58±3.60） μL and （7.14±2.33） mg， respectively. The floral nectary of R.setchuenensis was located on the inner wall of the plate-like receptacle between the stamen base and the ovary， which was composed of epidermis， nectary parenchyma cells and vascular bundle. According to the position and anatomical structure of nectary， and the change of starch granules， floral nectary of R.setchuenensis would be divided into receptacle nectary， structural nectary and starch nectary， respectively. The nectary and epidermal stomata developed from the young bud stage and the budding stage， respectively. The original nectar was provided by the vascular bundle and stored in the nectary cells in the form of starch. The starch granules began to accumulate from the young bud stage， and the starch granule content， size and aperture area of stomata， and thickness of nectary reached the maximum at the initial flowering stage. The nectar was secreted from the cuticles and stomata on nectary epidermis， and the starch granules nearly disappeared at the full blooming stage and the post anthesis stage. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Species Diversity and Distribution Patterns of Wild Ribes in China Hongchao BAI, Ximing ZHAO, Rui DENG, Yuning LIU, Yuxiao DU, Baojiang ZHENG Bulletin of Botanical Research    2025, 45 (6): 975-983.   DOI: 10.7525/j.issn.1673-5102.2025.06.014 Abstract （366）   HTML （4）    PDF（pc） （807KB）（159）       Knowledge map    Save China is one of the distribution centers of Ribes L. plants in the world. In order to reveal the characteristics of species diversity and distribution patterns of Ribes L. in China， and to explore its relationship with environmental factors， the field surveys， specimen identification and data analysis were conducted. The results showed that： （1）There were 56 species of wild Ribes L. plants in China， belonging to six subgenera： subgenus Grossularia， subgenus Ribes， subgenus Berisia， subgenus Coreosma， subgenus Hemibotrya and subgenus Grossularioides.（2）Wild Chinese Ribes L. plants were mainly distributed in the southwest， northwest and northeast regions， the northwest region had the highest species richness， with 34 species belonging to five subgenera， followed by the southwest region with four subgenera and 30 species， and the northeast region had six subgenera and 16 species. （3）The vertical distribution patterns of wild Ribes L. plants in China were remarkable， and the elevation of the concentrated distribution of Ribes L. gradually increased with the decrease of latitude. In the higher elevational northeast region， Ribes L. plants were distributed in the elevation range from 700 to 2 100 m， and concentrated in the elevation range of 700 to 1 500 m. In the middle elevation northwest region， Ribes L. plants were distributed in the elevation range of 1 000 to 3 000 m， and concentrated in the elevation range of 1 000 to 2 000 m. In the lower elevation southwest region， Ribes L. plants were distributed in the elevation range of 2 500 to 5 000 m， and concentrated in the elevation range of 2 500 to 4 000 m.（4）There were 25 endemic species of the Ribes L. in China， including 19 species in the southwest， 15 species in the northwest， none in the northeast， and three endemic species in other regions of China. The distribution of regional endemic species of the Ribes L. was obvious， with 12 species in the southwest， nine in the northwest and eight in the northeast， respectively. No common species were found in the southwest， northwest and northeast regions. In conclusion， the species composition of the Ribes L. in China showed a distinct geographic distribution pattern， the species composition varied in different regions， and this study revealed the species diversity characteristics and distribution pattern of the wild Ribes L. plants in China. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Carbon Density and C, N, P Stoichiometric Characteristics of Forest Litter in Different Succession Stages in the Xiaoxing'an Mountains Wenbiao DUAN, Zhizhen WANG, Jiayi GAO, Lixin CHEN, Yanrui FU Bulletin of Botanical Research    2025, 45 (5): 769-782.   DOI: 10.7525/j.issn.1673-5102.2025.05.011 Abstract （352）   HTML （6）    PDF（pc） （3091KB）（1450）       Knowledge map    Save Litter is an active carbon pool in forest ecosystems， and the change of litter carbon storage directly affects the carbon sink capacity of forest ecosystems. The purpose of this study was to analyze the dynamic characteristics of litter carbon storage and stoichiometric characteristics of four forest types（natural Betula costata secondary forest， secondary broad-leaved forests， secondary coniferous-broadleaved mixed forest and original broad-leaved Korean pine forest） in different succession stages of mesophytic secondary succession of broad-leaved Korean pine forest. The aim of this study was to illustrate the effect of ecological stoichiometric characteristics of litter on its carbon storage， revealing the role of litter in ecosystem carbon sink capacity and nutrient cycling. Four forest plant communities with different succession stages in broad-leaved Korean pine forest were selected as the research objects. The standing mass， carbon storage and stoichiometric characteristics of each layer（fresh litter layer， fermentative layer， humus layer） in July and October， 2021， and May and August， 2022 were analyzed. Redundancy analysis was used to rank the effects of litter stoichiometric characteristics and upper vegetation community characteristics on litter carbon storage. Linear regression analysis was used to quantify the direct effects of litter stoichiometric characteristics on carbon storage. The main results were as follows： The total carbon storage of litter showed a trend of “decrease-increase” with the positive succession， predominantly reaching its maximum in the original broad-leaved Korean pine forest（climax community）. The litter of the climax community showed the characteristics of high C content and low P content， and the C∶N and C∶P were the highest. Redundancy analysis revealed that the conifer-to-broadleaf tree species ratio was the key factor explaining litter carbon storage variation in upper vegetation indicators， showing a positive correlation with litter carbon storage. Linear regression analysis showed that litter carbon storage was positively correlated with C∶N and C∶P， and negatively correlated with N∶P. C∶N and N∶P had the highest explanatory power for carbon storage， with R2 of 0.17. This study indicated that the litter carbon storage of the climax community was higher than that of the other three communities， which was closely related to the characteristics of high C content and low P content in the litter and the high conifer-to-broadleaf tree species ratio in the climax community. Table and Figures | Reference | Supplementary Material | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Two New Genera of Gesneriaceae from Southeast Asia Zhenyu LI, Mengqi HAN, Fangpu LIU, Yinzheng WANG Bulletin of Botanical Research    2025, 45 (6): 851-860.   DOI: 10.7525/j.issn.1673-5102.2025.06.003 Abstract （352）   HTML （13）    PDF（pc） （1685KB）（288）       Knowledge map    Save The genus Loxocarpus R. Br. sensu lato is the endemic group of Southeast Asia and Sundaland. The species in Loxocarpus exhibit differentiation and diversity in floral organs with similar habits and morphology in vegetative organs and fruits. However， evidence from molecular phylogenies indicates that Loxocarpus sensu lato is polyphyletic. According to correlated morphological characters combined with molecular data， we separated Loxocarpus sensu lato into three genera， including Loxocarpus sensu stricto and two new genera， i.e. Yaoa and Paraloxocarpus. In the present study， the three genera were described with a key to them， and 21 new combinations were proposed. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）